Cat urinary research: source index and study details

Want to check a finding for yourself? This index links the original publications behind our evidence review and owner guides. A paper’s title is the authors’ title; wording such as “risk reduction” does not by itself establish fewer clinical blockages. Read the population and outcome before applying a finding.

The inherited public bibliography contains references 1–40: 34 primary empirical papers and six reviews. The local working edition adds the 2025 clinical consensus guideline as reference 41. Reviews overlap the studies they discuss, and publications are not necessarily independent experiments. These are not 41 new MSRA trials.

How to read the access notes

“Relevant original full-text sections checked” means the audit examined pertinent methods, results or disclosures, rather than completing a formal assessment of the whole paper. “Indexed original sections checked” means original text was visible through an index while direct retrieval was limited. “Original abstract checked” has a narrower basis. A free full-text link is a reading route, not proof that the full paper was appraised. Notes describe MSRA’s recorded access, not the availability of a paper everywhere.

No complete independent risk-of-bias appraisal or qualified clinical review of this MSRA collection has been completed. The technical review explains the missing historical methods and inclusion registries.

Numbered publications

1. Starch to protein ratio and food moisture content influence water balance and urine supersaturation in cats

Gonçalves Tozato ME, de Souza Theodoro S, Warde Luis L, et al. (2024). PLoS One. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy cats. Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

2. The effect of changing the moisture levels of dry extruded and wet canned diets on physical activity in cats

Thomas DG, Post M, Bosch G (2017). Journal of Nutritional Science. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy cats. Access: Original abstract checked.

3. Increasing dietary sodium chloride promotes urine dilution and decreases struvite and calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in healthy dogs and cats

Queau Y, Bijsmans ES, Feugier A, et al. (2020). Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy cats and dogs. Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

4. Increasing Dietary Potassium Enhances Urine Production and Reduces Risk of Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation in Senior Cats

Hall JA, Yu S, Toillion AR, et al. (2026). Animals. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy senior cats. Access: Original abstract checked.

5. Cardiovascular effects of dietary salt intake in aged healthy cats: a 2-year prospective randomized, blinded, and controlled study

Chetboul V, Reynolds BS, Trehiou-Sechi E, et al. (2014). PLoS One. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy aged cats. Access: Original abstract checked.

6. Quantified water intake in laboratory cats from still, free-falling and circulating water bowls, and its effects on selected urinary parameters

Robbins MT, Cline MG, Bartges JW, et al. (2019). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy laboratory cats. Access: Original abstract checked.

7. Effect of water source on intake and urine concentration in healthy cats

Grant DC (2010). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy cats (client-owned). Access: Original abstract checked.

8. A diet with a struvite relative supersaturation less than 1 is effective in dissolving struvite stones in vivo

Houston DM, Weese HE, Evason MD, et al. (2011). British Journal of Nutrition. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with struvite stones. Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

9. Efficacy of two commercially available, low-magnesium, urine-acidifying dry foods for the dissolution of struvite uroliths in cats

Lulich JP, Kruger JM, Macleay JM, et al. (2013). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with struvite stones. Access: Original abstract checked.

10. Initial treatment factors associated with feline urethral obstruction recurrence rate: 192 cases (2004-2010)

Hetrick PF, Davidow EB (2013). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with urethral obstruction. Access: Original abstract checked.

11. Effect of prazosin on feline recurrent urethral obstruction

Hanson KR, Rudloff E, Yuan L, et al. (2021). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with urethral obstruction. Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked; methods, results and disclosures recovered during v2 drafting.

12. The effect of prazosin on outcome in feline urethral obstruction

Reineke EL, Thomas EK, Syring RS, et al. (2017). Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with urethral obstruction. Access: Original abstract checked.

13. Evaluation of meloxicam for the treatment of obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis

Dorsch R, Zellner F, Schulz B, et al. (2016). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with obstructive idiopathic cystitis. Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

14. Efficacy of intravesical pentosan polysulfate sodium in cats with obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis

Delille M, Fröhlich L, Müller RS, et al. (2016). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with obstructive idiopathic cystitis. Access: Original abstract checked.

15. Intravesical application of lidocaine and sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of obstructive idiopathic lower urinary tract disease in cats

Zezza L, Reusch CE, Gerber B (2012). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with obstructive idiopathic lower urinary tract disease. Access: Original abstract checked.

16. Lorazepam reduces recurrence of urethral obstruction in male cats: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study

Splittstoesser A, Kerley J, Lulich J, et al. (2026). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with urethral obstruction (client-owned). Access: Original abstract checked.

17. Companion Animals Symposium: dietary management of feline lower urinary tract symptoms

Kerr KR (2013). Journal of Animal Science. PubMed · DOI Narrative review. Population/topic: Review. Access: Original abstract checked.

18. Cats and calcium oxalate: strategies for managing lower and upper tract stone disease

Palm C, Westropp J (2011). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. PubMed · DOI · Full text Narrative review. Population/topic: Review. Access: Original abstract checked.

19. Nutritional Management of Urolithiasis

Queau Y (2019). Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. PubMed · DOI Narrative review. Population/topic: Review (dogs and cats). Access: Original abstract checked.

Kosmal PAL, Shoveller AK, Gillies G, et al. (2026). Journal of Animal Science. PubMed · DOI · Full text Scoping review. Population/topic: Review (scoping review of 32 cat studies). Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

21. Effect of dietary water intake on urinary output, specific gravity and relative supersaturation for calcium oxalate and struvite in the cat

Buckley CM, Hawthorne A, Colyer A, et al. (2011). British Journal of Nutrition. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy cats. Access: Original abstract checked.

22. Increasing Dietary Potassium Chloride Promotes Urine Dilution and Decreases Calcium Oxalate Relative Supersaturation in Healthy Dogs and Cats

Bijsmans E, Quéau Y, Biourge V (2021). Animals. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy cats and dogs. Access: Indexed original sections checked.

23. Increased Water Viscosity Enhances Water Intake and Reduces Risk of Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation in Cats

Hall JA, Vanchina MA, Ogleby B, et al. (2021). Animals. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy cats. Access: Indexed original sections checked.

24. Effects of a nutrient-enriched water on water intake and indices of hydration in healthy domestic cats fed a dry kibble diet

Zanghi BM, Gerheart L, Gardner CL (2018). American Journal of Veterinary Research. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy cats. Access: Original abstract checked.

25. Clinical evaluation of commercially available urinary acidification diets in the management of idiopathic cystitis in cats

Markwell PJ, Buffington CA, Chew DJ, et al. (1999). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with idiopathic cystitis (client-owned). Access: Original abstract checked.

26. Understanding the current evidence base for the commonly recommended management strategies for recurrent feline idiopathic cystitis: a systematic review

Macleod B, Laven LJ, Laven RA, et al. (2025). New Zealand Veterinary Journal. PubMed · DOI · Published PDF Systematic review. Population/topic: Review (systematic review). Access: Published full PDF recovered; relevant methods checked during v1.1, not a complete independent appraisal.

27. Effect of a struvite dissolution diet in cats with naturally occurring struvite urolithiasis

Tefft KM, Byron JK, Hostnik ET, et al. (2021). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with struvite stones (client-owned). Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

28. The effect of diet on lower urinary tract diseases in cats

Markwell PJ, Buffington CT, Smith BH (1998). Journal of Nutrition. PubMed · DOI Narrative review. Population/topic: Review. Access: Original abstract checked.

29. Effects of dietary sodium chloride on health parameters in mature cats

Xu H, Laflamme DP, Long GL (2009). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy mature cats. Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

30. Short term effects of increasing dietary salt concentrations on urine composition in healthy cats

Paßlack N, Burmeier H, Brenten T, et al. (2014). Veterinary Journal. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy cats. Access: Original abstract checked.

31. Prazosin administration increases the rate of recurrent urethral obstruction in cats: 388 cases

Conway DS, Rozanski EA, Wayne AS (2022). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with urethral obstruction. Access: Original abstract checked.

32. A prospective randomized study of efficacy of 2 treatment protocols in preventing recurrence of clinical signs in 51 male cats with obstructive idiopathic cystitis

Nivy R, Segev G, Rimer D, et al. (2019). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with obstructive idiopathic cystitis. Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

33. Intravesical glycosaminoglycans for obstructive feline idiopathic cystitis: a pilot study

Bradley AM, Lappin MR (2014). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with urethral obstruction (client-owned). Access: Indexed original sections checked.

34. Effect of intraurethral administration of atracurium besylate in male cats with urethral plugs

Galluzzi F, De Rensis F, Menozzi A, et al. (2012). Journal of Small Animal Practice. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with urethral plugs. Access: Original abstract checked.

35. Evaluation of the efficacy of a commercial diet in the dissolution of feline struvite bladder uroliths

Houston DM, Rinkardt NE, Hilton J (2004). Veterinary Therapeutics. PubMed Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with struvite stones. Access: Original abstract checked.

36. Comparison of foods with differing nutritional profiles for long-term management of acute nonobstructive idiopathic cystitis in cats

Kruger JM, Lulich JP, MacLeay J, et al. (2015). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with non-obstructive idiopathic cystitis. Access: Original abstract checked.

37. The effect of a therapeutic urinary stress diet on the short-term recurrence of feline idiopathic cystitis

Naarden B, Corbee RJ (2020). Veterinary Medicine and Science. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with non-obstructive idiopathic cystitis. Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

38. Relative supersaturation values distinguish between feline urinary and non-urinary foods and align with expected urine analytes contributions to uroliths

Morris EM, McGrath AP, Brejda J, et al. (2023). Frontiers in Veterinary Science. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy cats. Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

39. A new diet supplement formulation containing cranberry extract for the treatment of feline idiopathic cystitis

Colombino E, Cavana P, Martello E, et al. (2022). Natural Product Research. PubMed · DOI Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Cats with idiopathic cystitis (client-owned). Access: Original abstract checked.

40. A placebo-controlled study of an herbal compound used for management of lower urinary tract disease in healthy cats

Martin CE, Bartges JW, English CF, et al. (2026). Frontiers in Veterinary Science. PubMed · DOI · Full text Primary empirical paper. Population/topic: Healthy cats. Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

41. 2025 iCatCare consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of lower urinary tract diseases in cats

Taylor S, Boysen S, Buffington T, et al. (2025). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. PubMed · DOI · Full text Consensus guideline. Population/topic: Clinical consensus guideline (cats). Access: Relevant original full-text sections checked.

Additional sources used in the owner guides

These resources provide clinical, laboratory or communication context. They were not silently added to the inherited 40-paper bibliography or the reported 46/29 review memberships. Institutional and regulator guidance is separate from empirical study evidence.

PDSA: blocked bladder in cats — UK charity owner guidance; immediate contact and care context.
Cornell Feline Health Center: lower urinary tract disease — US university owner guidance.
MSPCA-Angell: urethral obstruction in cats — US hospital explanation and aftercare context.
American College of Veterinary Surgeons: urinary obstruction in male cats — surgical-college owner resource; not an individualized surgery recommendation.
International Cat Care: caregiver guide to urinary tract diseases — companion owner guidance, including practical feeding issues.
ISCAID urinary-tract infection guideline, 2019 — clinical infection guidance; actual use and access are recorded in the diagnosis guide appendix.
Sturgess et al., 2001: urine storage and crystal detection — a laboratory study using urine from 41 cats without a history of urinary disease; original abstract and inherited indexed sections, not a newly completed full-paper appraisal.
VCA: prazosin — institutional medicine handout, not a prevention trial or an MSRA prescription.
US FDA: meloxicam boxed warning and cats — US regulator safety context, directly read during G05 preparation.
VMD: product-specific feline meloxicam information — Great Britain product-specific authorization/cautions; original relevant SPC sections read during G05 preparation. Not a blockage-prevention indication.

Corrections and questions

If you notice a source mismatch, tell MSRA which guide, section and publication you mean. MSRA cannot assess urgent symptoms by a research query. A cat repeatedly straining with little or no urine needs immediate veterinary contact; do not wait for a reply. PDSA emergency guidance

For a consultation, use the free vet-visit record. For the practical meaning of the studies, return to the evidence overview.

Prepared by MSRA Research with AI assistance. Interpretation prepared 29 October 2026. Qualified veterinary review has not been completed.